Curso de certificación en Linux LPI, Nivel 2; Administración de Servidores Linux con Rocky Linux 9.0 y Ubuntu Server 22.04 (Videoconferencia)

Tópico 201: El Kernel Linux

201.1 Componentes del Kernel

Descripción: Los alumnos deben poder utilizar los componentes del kernel que son necesarios para un hardware específico, los controladores de hardware, los recursos del sistema y los requisitos. Este objetivo incluye la implementación de diferentes tipos de imágenes del núcleo, la identificación de parches y núcleos estables y en desarrollo, así como el uso de módulos del kernel.

Áreas claves de conocimiento:

• Versiones del Kernel 2.6.x, 3.x, 4.x y 5.x

Utilidades, directorios y comandos:

• /usr/src/linux/
• /usr/src/linux/Documentation/
• zImage
• bzImage
• xz compression

201.2 Compilando el Kernel Linux

Description: Los alumnos deben poder configurar correctamente un kernel para incluir o deshabilitar características específicas del kernel de Linux según sea necesario. Este objetivo incluye compilar y recompilar el kernel de Linux según sea necesario, actualizar y anotar los cambios en un nuevo kernel, crear una imagen initrd e instalar nuevos kernels.

Áreas claves de conocimiento:

• /usr/src/linux/
• Kernel Makefiles
• Kernel 2.6.x/3.x,4.x,5.x make targets
• Personalizar la configuración actual del kernel.
• Crear un kernel nuevo y desplegar módulos de kernel apropiados.
• Instalar un nuevo núcleo y cualquier módulo.
• Asegúrese de que el administrador de arranque pueda ubicar el nuevo kernel y los archivos asociados.
• Archivos de configuración del módulo
• Utilice DKMS para compilar módulos del kernel.
• Conocimiento de Dracut

Comando y utilidades:

• mkinitrd
• mkinitramfs
• make
• make targets (all, config, xconfig, menuconfig, gconfig, oldconfig, mrproper, zImage, bzImage, modules, modules_install, rpm-pkg, binrpm-pkg, deb-pkg)
• gzip
• bzip2
• module tools
• /usr/src/linux/.config
• /lib/modules/kernel-version/
• depmod
• dkms

201.3 Gestión y solución de problemas del tiempo de ejecución del kernel

Description: Los alumnos deben poder administrar y/o consultar un kernel 2.6.x, 3.x, 4.x o 5.x y sus módulos cargables. Los alumnos deben poder identificar y corregir problemas comunes de arranque y tiempo de ejecución. Los candidatos deben comprender la detección y administración de dispositivos mediante udev. Este objetivo incluye la solución de problemas de las reglas de udev.

Áreas claves de conocimiento:

• Use las utilidades de línea de comandos para obtener información sobre el kernel y los módulos del kernel que se están ejecutando actualmente
• Cargue y descargue manualmente los módulos del kernel
• Determine cuándo se pueden descargar los módulos
• Determinar qué parámetros acepta un módulo
• Configure el sistema para cargar módulos por nombres que no sean su nombre de archivo.
• /proc sistema de archivos
• Contenido de /, /boot/ y /lib/modules/
• Herramientas y utilidades para analizar información sobre el hardware disponible
• reglas de udev

Utlidades, Directorios y Comandos:

• /lib/modules/kernel-version/modules.dep
• Archivos de configuración de módulos en /etc/
• /proc/sys/kernel/
• /sbin/depmod
• /sbin/rmmod
• /sbin/modinfo
• /bin/dmesg
• /sbin/lspci
• /usr/bin/lsdev
• /sbin/lsmod
• /sbin/modprobe
• /sbin/insmod
• /bin/uname
• /usr/bin/lsusb
• /etc/sysctl.conf, /etc/sysctl.d/
• /sbin/sysctl
• udevmonitor
• udevadm monitor
• /etc/udev/

Topic 202: Arranque del Sistema Operativo

202.1 Personalización del inicio del sistema SysV-init

Description: Candidates should be able to query and modify the behaviour of system services at various targets / run levels. A thorough understanding of the systemd, SysV Init and the Linux boot process is required. This objective includes interacting with systemd targets and SysV init run levels.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Systemd
• SysV init
• Linux Standard Base Specification (LSB)

Terms and Utilities:

• /usr/lib/systemd/
• /etc/systemd/
• /run/systemd/
• systemctl
• systemd-delta
• /etc/inittab
• /etc/init.d/
• /etc/rc.d/
• chkconfig
• update-rc.d
• init and telinit

202.2 System Recovery

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to properly manipulate a Linux system during both the boot process and during recovery mode. This objective includes using both the init utility and init-related kernel options. Candidates should be able to determine the cause of errors in loading and usage of bootloaders. GRUB version 2 and GRUB Legacy are the bootloaders of interest. Both BIOS and UEFI systems are covered.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• BIOS and UEFI
• NVMe booting
• GRUB version 2 and Legacy
• grub shell
• boot loader start and hand off to kernel
• kernel loading
• hardware initialisation and setup
• daemon/service initialisation and setup
• Know the different boot loader install locations on a hard disk or removable device.
• Overwrite standard boot loader options and using boot loader shells.
• Use systemd rescue and emergency modes.

Terms and Utilities:

• mount
• fsck
• inittab, telinit and init with SysV init
• The contents of /boot/, /boot/grub/ and /boot/efi/
• EFI System Partition (ESP)
• GRUB
• grub-install
• efibootmgr
• UEFI shell
• initrd, initramfs
• Master boot record
• systemctl

202.3 Alternate Bootloaders

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be aware of other bootloaders and their major features.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• SYSLINUX, ISOLINUX, PXELINUX
• Understanding of PXE for both BIOS and UEFI
• Awareness of systemd-boot and U-Boot

Terms and Utilities:

• syslinux
• extlinux
• isolinux.bin
• isolinux.cfg
• isohdpfx.bin
• efiboot.img
• pxelinux.0
• pxelinux.cfg/
• uefi/shim.efi
• uefi/grubx64.efi

Topic 203: Filesystem and Devices

203.1 Operating the Linux filesystem

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to properly configure and navigate the standard Linux filesystem. This objective includes configuring and mounting various filesystem types.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• The concept of the fstab configuration
• Tools and utilities for handling swap partitions and files
• Use of UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems
• Understanding of systemd mount units

Terms and Utilities:

• /etc/fstab
• /etc/mtab
• /proc/mounts
• mount and umount
• blkid
• sync
• swapon
• swapoff

203.2 Maintaining a Linux filesystem​

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to properly maintain a Linux filesystem using system utilities. This objective includes manipulating standard filesystems and monitoring SMART devices.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Tools and utilities to manipulate and ext2, ext3 and ext4
• Tools and utilities to perform basic Btrfs operations, including subvolumes and snapshots
• Tools and utilities to manipulate XFS
• Awareness of ZFS

Terms and Utilities:

• mkfs (mkfs.*)
• mkswap
• fsck (fsck.*)
• tune2fs, dumpe2fs and debugfs
• btrfs, btrfs-convert
• xfs_info, xfs_check, xfs_repair, xfsdump and xfsrestore
• smartd, smartctl

203.3 Creating and configuring filesystem options

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to configure automount filesystems using AutoFS. This objective includes configuring automount for network and device filesystems. Also included is creating filesystems for devices such as CD-ROMs and a basic feature knowledge of encrypted filesystems.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• autofs configuration files
• Understanding of automount units
• UDF and ISO9660 tools and utilities
• Awareness of other CD-ROM filesystems (HFS)
• Awareness of CD-ROM filesystem extensions (Joliet, Rock Ridge, El Torito)
• Basic feature knowledge of data encryption (dm-crypt / LUKS)

Terms and Utilities:

• /etc/auto.master
• /etc/auto.[dir]
• mkisofs
• cryptsetup

Topic 204: Advanced Storage Device Administration

204.1 Configuring RAID

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to configure and implement software RAID. This objective includes using and configuring RAID 0, 1 and 5.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Software raid configuration files and utilities

Terms and Utilities:

• mdadm.conf
• mdadm
• /proc/mdstat
• partition type 0xFD

204.2 Adjusting Storage Device Access

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to configure kernel options to support various drives. This objective includes software tools to view & modify hard disk settings including iSCSI devices.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Tools and utilities to configure DMA for IDE devices including ATAPI and SATA
• Tools and utilities to configure Solid State Drives including AHCI and NVMe
• Tools and utilities to manipulate or analyse system resources (e.g. interrupts)
• Awareness of sdparm command and its uses
• Tools and utilities for iSCSI
• Awareness of SAN, including relevant protocols (AoE, FCoE)

Terms and Utilities:

• hdparm, sdparm
• nvme
• tune2fs
• fstrim
• sysctl
• /dev/hd*, /dev/sd*, /dev/nvme*
• iscsiadm, scsi_id, iscsid and iscsid.conf
• WWID, WWN, LUN numbers

204.3 Logical Volume Manager

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to create and remove logical volumes, volume groups, and physical volumes. This objective includes snapshots and resizing logical volumes.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Tools in the LVM suite
• Resizing, renaming, creating, and removing logical volumes, volume groups, and physical volumes
• Creating and maintaining snapshots
• Activating volume groups

Terms and Utilities:

• /sbin/pv*
• /sbin/lv*
• /sbin/vg*
• mount
• /dev/mapper/
• lvm.conf

Topic 205: Network Configuration

205.1 Basic networking configuration

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to configure a network device to be able to connect to a local, wired or wireless, and a wide-area network. This objective includes being able to communicate between various subnets within a single network including both IPv4 and IPv6 networks.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces
• Configuring basic access to wireless networks

Terms and Utilities:

• ip
• ifconfig
• route
• arp
• iw
• iwconfig
• iwlist

205.2 Advanced Network Configuration and Troubleshooting

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to configure a network device to implement various network authentication schemes. This objective includes configuring a multi-homed network device and resolving communication problems.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Utilities to manipulate routing tables
• Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces
• Utilities to analyze the status of the network devices
• Utilities to monitor and analyze the TCP/IP traffic

Terms and Utilities:

• ip
• ifconfig
• route
• arp
• ss
• netstat
• lsof
• ping, ping6
• nc
• tcpdump
• nmap

205.3 Troubleshooting Network Issues

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to identify and correct common network setup issues, to include knowledge of locations for basic configuration files and commands.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Location and content of access restriction files
• Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces
• Utilities to manage routing tables
• Utilities to list network states.
• Utilities to gain information about the network configuration
• Methods of information about the recognized and used hardware devices
• System initialization files and their contents (SysV init process)
• Awareness of NetworkManager and its impact on network configuration

Terms and Utilities:

• ip
• ifconfig
• route
• ss
• netstat
• /etc/network/, /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
• ping, ping6
• traceroute, traceroute6
• mtr
• hostname
• System log files such as /var/log/syslog, /var/log/messages and the systemd journal
• dmesg
• /etc/resolv.conf
• /etc/hosts
• /etc/hostname, /etc/HOSTNAME
• /etc/hosts.allow, /etc/hosts.deny

Topic 206: System Maintenance

206.1 Make and install programs from source

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to build and install an executable program from source. This objective includes being able to unpack a file of sources.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Unpack source code using common compression and archive utilities
• Understand basics of invoking make to compile programs
• Apply parameters to a configure script
• Know where sources are stored by default

Terms and Utilities:

• /usr/src/
• gunzip
• gzip
• bzip2
• xz
• tar
• configure
• make
• uname
• install
• patch

206.2 Backup operations

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to use system tools to back up important system data.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Knowledge about directories that have to be include in backups
• Awareness of network backup solutions such as Amanda, Bacula, Bareos and BackupPC
• Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of tapes, CDR, disk or other backup media
• Perform partial and manual backups.
• Verify the integrity of backup files.
• Partially or fully restore backups.

Terms and Utilities:

• /bin/sh
• dd
• tar
• /dev/st* and /dev/nst*
• mt
• rsync

206.3 Notify users on system-related issues

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to notify the users about current issues related to the system.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• ​Automate communication with users through logon messages
• Inform active users of system maintenance

Terms and Utilities:

• /etc/issue
• /etc/issue.net
• /etc/motd
• wall
• /sbin/shutdown
• systemctl

Topic 208: Web Services

208.1 Implementing a web server

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to install and configure a web server. This objective includes monitoring the server’s load and performance, restricting client user access, configuring support for scripting languages as modules and setting up client user authentication. Also included is configuring server options to restrict usage of resources. Candidates should be able to configure a web server to use virtual hosts and customize file access.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Apache 2.4 configuration files, terms and utilities
• Apache log files configuration and content
• Access restriction methods and files
• mod_perl and PHP configuration
• Client user authentication files and utilities
• Configuration of maximum requests, minimum and maximum servers and clients
• Apache 2.4 virtual host implementation (with and without dedicated IP addresses)
• Using redirect statements in Apache’s configuration files to customize file access

Terms and Utilities:

• access logs and error logs
• .htaccess
• httpd.conf
• mod_auth_basic, mod_authz_host and mod_access_compat
• htpasswd
• AuthUserFile, AuthGroupFile
• apachectl, apache2ctl
• httpd, apache2

208.2 Apache configuration for HTTPS

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to configure a web server to provide HTTPS.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• SSL configuration files, tools and utilities
• Generate a server private key and CSR for a commercial CA
• Generate a self-signed Certificate
• Install the key and certificate, including intermediate CAs
• Configure Virtual Hosting using SNI
• Awareness of the issues with Virtual Hosting and use of SSL
• Security issues in SSL use, disable insecure protocols and ciphers

Terms and Utilities:

• Apache2 configuration files
• /etc/ssl/, /etc/pki/
• openssl, CA.pl
• SSLEngine, SSLCertificateKeyFile, SSLCertificateFile
• SSLCACertificateFile, SSLCACertificatePath
• SSLProtocol, SSLCipherSuite, ServerTokens, ServerSignature, TraceEnable

208.3 Implementing a proxy server

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to install and configure a proxy server, including access policies, authentication and resource usage.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Squid 3.x configuration files, terms and utilities
• Access restriction methods
• Client user authentication methods
• Layout and content of ACL in the Squid configuration files

Terms and Utilities:

• squid.conf
• acl
• http_access

208.4 Implementing Nginx as a web server and a reverse proxy

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to install and configure a reverse proxy server, Nginx. Basic configuration of Nginx as a HTTP server is included.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Nginx
• Reverse Proxy
• Basic Web Server

Terms and Utilities:

• /etc/nginx/
• nginx

Topic 209: File Sharing

209.1 SAMBA Server Configuration

Weight: 5

Description: Candidates should be able to set up a Samba server for various clients. This objective includes setting up Samba as a standalone server as well as integrating Samba as a member in an Active Directory. Furthermore, the configuration of simple CIFS and printer shares is covered. Also covered is a configuring a Linux client to use a Samba server. Troubleshooting installations is also tested.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Samba 4 documentation
• Samba 4 configuration files
• Samba 4 tools and utilities and daemons
• Mounting CIFS shares on Linux
• Mapping Windows user names to Linux user names
• User-Level, Share-Level and AD security

Terms and Utilities:

• smbd, nmbd, winbindd
• smbcontrol, smbstatus, testparm, smbpasswd, nmblookup
• samba-tool
• net
• smbclient
• mount.cifs
• /etc/samba/
• /var/log/samba/

209.2 NFS Server Configuration

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to export filesystems using NFS. This objective includes access restrictions, mounting an NFS filesystem on a client and securing NFS.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• NFS version 3 configuration files
• NFS tools and utilities
• Access restrictions to certain hosts and/or subnets
• Mount options on server and client
• TCP Wrappers
• Awareness of NFSv4

Terms and Utilities:

• /etc/exports
• exportfs
• showmount
• nfsstat
• /proc/mounts
• /etc/fstab
• rpcinfo
• mountd
• portmapper

Topic 210: Network Client Management

210.1 DHCP configuration

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to configure a DHCP server. This objective includes setting default and per client options, adding static hosts and BOOTP hosts. Also included is configuring a DHCP relay agent and maintaining the DHCP server.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• DHCP configuration files, terms and utilities
• Subnet and dynamically-allocated range setup
• Awareness of DHCPv6 and IPv6 Router Advertisements

Terms and Utilities:

• dhcpd.conf
• dhcpd.leases
• DHCP Log messages in syslog or systemd journal
• arp
• dhcpd
• radvd
• radvd.conf

210.2 PAM authentication

Weight: 3

Description: The candidate should be able to configure PAM to support authentication using various available methods. This includes basic SSSD functionality.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• PAM configuration files, terms and utilities
• passwd and shadow passwords
• Use sssd for LDAP authentication

Terms and Utilities:

• /etc/pam.d/
• pam.conf
• nsswitch.conf
• pam_unix, pam_cracklib, pam_limits, pam_listfile, pam_sss
• sssd.conf

210.3 LDAP client usage

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to perform queries and updates to an LDAP server. Also included is importing and adding items, as well as adding and managing users.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• LDAP utilities for data management and queries
• Change user passwords
• Querying the LDAP directory

Terms and Utilities:

• ldapsearch
• ldappasswd
• ldapadd
• ldapdelete

210.4 Configuring an OpenLDAP server

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to configure a basic OpenLDAP server including knowledge of LDIF format and essential access controls.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• OpenLDAP
• Directory based configuration
• Access Control
• Distinguished Names
• Changetype Operations
• Schemas and Whitepages
• Directories
• Object IDs, Attributes and Classes

Terms and Utilities:

• slapd
• slapd-config
• LDIF
• slapadd
• slapcat
• slapindex
• /var/lib/ldap/
• loglevel

Topic 211: E-Mail Services

211.1 Using e-mail servers

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to manage an e-mail server, including the configuration of e-mail aliases, e-mail quotas and virtual e-mail domains. This objective includes configuring internal e-mail relays and monitoring e-mail servers.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Configuration files for postfix
• Basic TLS configuration for postfix
• Basic knowledge of the SMTP protocol
• Awareness of sendmail and exim

Terms and Utilities:

• Configuration files and commands for postfix
• /etc/postfix/
• /var/spool/postfix/
• sendmail emulation layer commands
• /etc/aliases
• mail-related logs in /var/log/

211.2 Managing E-Mail Delivery

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to implement client e-mail management software to filter, sort and monitor incoming user e-mail.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Understanding of Sieve functionality, syntax and operators
• Use Sieve to filter and sort mail with respect to sender, recipient(s), headers and size
• Awareness of procmail

Terms and Utilities:

• Conditions and comparison operators
• keep, fileinto, redirect, reject, discard, stop
• Dovecot vacation extension

211.3 Managing Remote E-Mail Delivery

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to install and configure POP and IMAP daemons.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Dovecot IMAP and POP3 configuration and administration
• Basic TLS configuration for Dovecot
• Awareness of Courier

Terms and Utilities:

• /etc/dovecot/
• dovecot.conf
• doveconf
• doveadm

Topic 212: System Security

212.1 Configuring a router

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to configure a system to forward IP packet and perform network address translation (NAT, IP masquerading) and state its significance in protecting a network. This objective includes configuring port redirection, managing filter rules and averting attacks.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• iptables and ip6tables configuration files, tools and utilities
• Tools, commands and utilities to manage routing tables.
• Private address ranges (IPv4) and Unique Local Addresses as well as Link Local Addresses (IPv6)
• Port redirection and IP forwarding
• List and write filtering and rules that accept or block IP packets based on source or destination protocol, port and address
• Save and reload filtering configurations

Terms and Utilities:

• /proc/sys/net/ipv4/
• /proc/sys/net/ipv6/
• /etc/services
• iptables
• ip6tables

212.2 Securing FTP servers

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to configure an FTP server for anonymous downloads and uploads. This objective includes precautions to be taken if anonymous uploads are permitted and configuring user access.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Configuration files, tools and utilities for Pure-FTPd and vsftpd
• Awareness of ProFTPd
• Understanding of passive vs. active FTP connections

Terms and Utilities:

• vsftpd.conf
• important Pure-FTPd command line options

212.3 Secure shell (SSH)

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to configure and secure an SSH daemon. This objective includes managing keys and configuring SSH for users. Candidates should also be able to forward an application protocol over SSH and manage the SSH login.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• OpenSSH configuration files, tools and utilities
• Login restrictions for the superuser and the normal users
• Managing and using server and client keys to login with and without password
• Usage of multiple connections from multiple hosts to guard against loss of connection to remote host following configuration changes

Terms and Utilities:

• ssh
• sshd
• /etc/ssh/sshd_config
• /etc/ssh/
• Private and public key files
• PermitRootLogin, PubKeyAuthentication, AllowUsers, PasswordAuthentication, Protocol

212.4 Security tasks

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to receive security alerts from various sources, install, configure and run intrusion detection systems and apply security patches and bugfixes.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• Tools and utilities to scan and test ports on a server
• Locations and organizations that report security alerts as Bugtraq, CERT or other sources
• Tools and utilities to implement an intrusion detection system (IDS)
• Awareness of OpenVAS and Snort

Terms and Utilities:

• telnet
• nmap
• fail2ban
• nc
• iptables

212.5 OpenVPN

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to configure a VPN (Virtual Private Network) and create secure point-to-point or site-to-site connections.

Key Knowledge Areas:

• OpenVPN

Terms and Utilities:

• /etc/openvpn/
• openvpn